Psychoanalysis - Simon Jones

Simon.jones@leeds-art.ac.uk

What Psychoanalysis?
Developed as a form of therapy, THE DEVLOPMENT AND ROLE OF THE Unconsccious in our everyday lives, development of gender identity (psycho-sexual identity). Understanding the complexities if human subjectivity. 

A: The development of the psyche from birth

B: The development and role of the Unconscious in our everyday lives

C: The development of gender identity (psycho-sexual identity)

D: Understanding the complexities of human subjectivity

A way of categorising and understanding desire, motivation, dreams.Not only a form of therapy (‘the talking cure’)…a theory of the mind (psyche) and a model-based theory that can be applied to other objects and processes That we are not entirely controlled by logical and reasonable thought. Our unconscious plays a part in our day-to-day goings-on


SIGMUND FREUD - How can metal issue/problem translate into a physical symptom. 
He treated HYSTERIA patients using psychoanalysis by giving them to discover and accept repressed thoughts / events. 

Conceived of the idea in late 1890s.Treated hysteria patients using psychoanalysis by guiding them to discover and accept repressed thoughts/events.Dreams: Analysed his own and other’s dreams in terms of their hidden associations and ‘wish-fulfillment’Observed infants in their habits and associations with parental figures.Established the psychoanalytic theory that allowed for a ‘dynamic unconscious’ part of the mind.

THE DYNAMIC UNCONSCIOUS: 

UNCONCIOUS HAS A CONNECTION WITH CONCIOUSNESS, MAKES ITS SLEF PRESNT THROUGH TICKS AND SLIPS, FRODIAN SLIP - WHEN YOU ACCIDENTLY SAY SOMETHING, YOU DIDNT PLAN TO SAY IT IT JUST HAPPENS. 

Continues to affect our conscious selves in SOME* ways. Created through infancy to protect our conscious selves from events, ideas and thoughts that are not acceptable to consciousness. The unconscious is chaotic, without order and without language. Makes itself present through ticks, slips and symptoms (e.g. Freudian slip) Freud’s hysteria patients developed debilitating symptoms as a result of experiences or feelings that had become repressed.

STAGES OF DEVLOPMENT: 

Our development into willful, conscious beings is full of confusing, contradictory and misapprehended thoughts and ideas.

An attempt to make sense of both our biological/instinctual self and our logical/thinking self.

We create associations and assumptions through sense data…often incorrectly.

The developing child goes through stages: oral, anal and phallic.

Also, the child develops preconceptions that must be dealt with in order to develop successfully – oedipus complex, castration complex, penis envy.

It stars to reason that the development of us physically and as conscious human beings. Each stage of 'us' is one,

PYSCHO-SEXUAL IDENITY - The idenity we assume through our understanding of our bodies  /  other peoples bodies. Therefore it is identity through our childhood progression. 

OEDIPUS COMPLEX : Sexual / love feelings towards mother and resentment of father ... through childhood dependence and self centred world view. 
Feelings of jealousy love, rive ray, all mixed and confusing to want vs to be wanted. Influneced by mother relationship with him. 
not bad insestuase feelings it more based on mixed feelings and infant dealings with this and how that is put into practice.
The development of our own sexual identity is all into relation of the penis. In both male and female parts.

CASTRATION COMPLEX: the boy fears castration, while girl accepts that she has already been castrated, POWER - Father still has penis

Penis Envy : The gir experiences this when she realises she doenst have one, has already been cstrted, not as a sexual organ but a way of relating to father figure.

Presensce / absence - both create possible negative feelings : the boy fears his castration (his powerlessness) while girl feels that she is missing something. 

PSYCHO SEXUAL IDENITOTY:
The child must overcome issue to become happy and mental earthy human

The effect it has on us : Symboliclaly refer to things that happen in childhood

THE UNCANNY:

The visual world, aesthetics, Fraud, Psycho in visual world.
;Uncanny >>>> Unhomely

Something that is simultaneously unnatural yet familiar, we experience this in a 'horrid' situation. Creates a sense of unease, hold be hidden but has come to light. 
Where the boundary between fantasy and reality break down.

Freudian Models:

Id, Ego, Superego
Unconcious, Pre concious, concious >>>>

ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

Superego is the space where we understand all that we need to know to live in a social culture, in order to maintain our position, to have friends, associates, etc, customs and tritons. The superego contains this information, its not part of individuality it is placed upon us by society and order. these models applies physic functioning into spaces. We are concerned with space and distribution. artists and designs interested in that.

JACQUES LACAN - COMPLICATED 

Frenchman. From traditional family. Educated. 

Used a form of laungue which minichs coaous of psycho state. He gives opportunities for multiple meanings - HE WAS SUGGECTING THAT HUMAN LIFE IS CONTRASTING.

He reconceptualised Freud’s findings through the theoretical model of structural linguistics. Signification.

Lacan posited that the development of the psyche is entwined within the structures of language…language molds us as much as we hold it.

He reconceptualises Fraids idea from STRUCTUAL LINGUISTICS forming aaygies between structure of phycis, LANGUAGE MOLDS US AS MUCH AS WE MOLD IT.

The mirror stage:
Rivalry – while the child may recognise it’s own image it is still limited in movement and dexterity.

The child’s recognition of itself in reflection (in objects or other people) signifies a split or alienation – it is seen as both subject and other. it CREATES A SPLIT - STAGE OF ALIENANATION - CHILD SEES ITS SELF AS CENTRE OF EVEYTHING PRIOR TO THIS. THIS CAUSES THE ERRUPTION OF EGO IN THE INFANT AND A SENSE OF RIVARY:

Thus…resulting in the formation of Ego which aids (and continues to aid) a reconciliation of body and image/subject and other.

Captation – the process by which the child is at once absorbed and repelled by the image of itself (the specular image)

CONTRADICTIVE, FASIANITED BY OWN REFLECTS COS OF IDEA OF 'WHO AM I' IS THAT ME > YES IT IS PHSICALY BODY BUT IS HAT ME? IS HAT MY PERSONALITY?

CREATING A PERSONALITY // IDENITY >> WHAT KIND OF PERSON / MORALS / BEHAVIOUS IN ORDER 

The unconscious is structured like a language’ TEH CONNECTION BETWEEN IUNCONCIS DETAIL AND OCNSCINESS IS TEH CONNECTION OF WORDS - VERBAL SOUNDS ETC TRANSLATE INTO CONCEPTS, THEREFORE STURETED LIEK A LAUNGUE.

That’s not to say that the unconscious has a language but its structure is LIKE a language.

The unconscious is the discourse of the  Other. > REFFERES TO TEH SUPEREGO OUTSIDE OF YOURSLEF, TEH UNWRITTEN RULES OF SOCIAL ORDER AND LAUNGUE. 

Highlighting the ways in which meaning in encoded within linguistic signs – written or spoken words.

Unconscious details are encoded in various ways as they slip into consciousness.

  Symptom:

•Metaphor – a word is used to represent something else which possess similar characteristics.

•Symptoms are translated elements of unconscious material adopting a metaphor-style coding.

Desire:

•Metonymy – a part of something used to represent the whole or the whole used to represent a small part. Meaning is displaced along a series of associations – a signifying chain. 

Reffer to car as 'my wheels' it pushes meaning along chain of elements, Simlar associations

•Desire for objects (including people) are displaced desire for what cannot be attained…unconscious desire... therefore desire can ever be fulfilled. 

SYMPTOMS CAN ACT AS METAPHORS: DISPLACEMNT THING WITH SYMPTION - UNCONSIOUS IDEA TRANSLATED INTO PHYSICAL SYMPTOM.  

LANCANIAN PHALLUS:

Not the biological penis but a symbol of power/order attained through its associated LACK – the potential of lack (male) and the actual lack (female).

Masculinity/femininity are not biological definitions but symbolic positions

Our interactions/relations to the symbolic phallus provides a ‘speaking position in culture’ / within the symbolic order

a: relating to the signifying nature of the phallus

b: our sexual identity informed through the phallus.

The role of the symbolic phallus is diverse and complex (to have, to be, to possess, to lack)…far too much to discuss in this session!

When we expeince sexual identity we all experience LACK MEN-FOR POTENTIAL GIRL - ACTUAL LACK. Phallus provides us ith a speaking position in culture. Assosication with penis is a symbolic representation proves us with an identity within culture, this is because the penis relates to signify nature of laungue - words only mean things in diffraction to other words, and that our sexual idnity is formed through penis, It is an approximation - SYMBOL OF POWER // IDENITY // ALLOWS US TO UNDERTSNAD WHY WE HAVE ESTABLISHED ROLE IN SOCIETY. 

The Real

That which cannot be symbolised/signified

Where our most basic, animal selves exist

The Imaginary

The order which exists before symbols and signification.

Where the Ego is born and continues to develop.

No clear distinctions between self and others/subject and object.

The Symbolic

‘The order of the Other’

Exists outside ourselves – language exists before and outside of us.

The order that allows us to exist within a culture of others.

Subjectivity – what it is to be human, motivations, desires, the unconscious.

To help us understand why things are as they are.

To help us understand artists/designers motivations for creating.

Model-based theory/paradigm – Models provide a tool for categorising or breaking down individual and groups of art/design works.

In relation to deisgn : theortical sudies, being able to understand how we operate, human subjectivity s our focus. Advertising >>> DESIRE

FILM >>> TERMS OF UNCONCIOUS PRODUCE FILM THAT REFRENCES PSYCHO ANYALAIS. WE CREATIE THINGS OUT OF OUR SLEF. WE UNDERSTAND OURSELVES AS SUBJECTIVE, TEHREFORE SOMETHING WE CREATE AS INDIVIDUALS > HOW WE ARE CREATED AS PEOPLE TO GET THE CREATION OUT THERE.

Edward Bernays – ‘The godfather of PR’, Freud’s nephew

Applied knowledge of psychoanlysis, unconscious desire to advertising and PR campaigns.

Revolutionised advertising by applying manipulation techniques.

Promoting lifestyle rather than the product. Embedding desire within products.

Case-Study – ‘Torches of freedom’

CONSTRUCTING PR AND ADVERTISING CAMPIAGNS, TRY TO TAP INTO PEOPLES SUPEREGO BASED DESIRES WANTS AND NEEDS IN ORDER TO SELL STUFF. EST. IDEA TAHT WE CAN SELL STUFF BY SELLING DESIRE, YOUR WANTS NEEDS FULLFILLED EVEYONE WILL LOVE YOU - 

MANIPULATION IN ADVERISING > ON GOING DEBATE OF WETHER ADVERTISING SHOULD BE RESTRAICTED IN WHT IT DOES / HOW AND AIMS. ASPECTS OF MANIPLUTAION > SKETCHY CHRARCTER THE FRUAD FAMILY > FOUNDED PSYCHO BY FAMILY WHO DIDNT LIKE OTHER PEOPLE. 

Psychoanalysis provides us with a definition of the unconscious

A definition of subjecthood outside of logic and rationality

A tool to help understand motivations and meanings of art works.

A tool to help us understand how art & design affects us and why.