ISTD - Initial Fakery Research

fakery

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Collins Concise English Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers::

fake /feɪk/vb

1. (transitive) to cause (something inferior or not genuine) to appear more valuable, desirable, or real by fraud or pretence
2. to pretend to have (an illness, emotion, etc)

n

1. an object, person, or act that is not genuine; sham, counterfeit, or forgery

adj

1. not genuine; spurious

Etymology: originally (C18) thieves' slang to mug or do someone; probably via Polari from Italian facciare to make or do

ˈfakernˈfakeryn

Hellfire - Research On 'Fire'

Fire Symbol:

Greek and Roman tradition

Fire is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science. It was commonly associated with the qualities of energy, assertiveness, and passion. In one Greek myth, Prometheus stole fire from the gods to protect the otherwise helpless humans, but was punished for this charity.^[1]

Fire was one of many archai proposed by the Pre-socratics, most of whom sought to reduce the cosmos, or its creation, by a single substance. Heraclitus (c. 535 BCE –c. 475 BCE) considered fire to be the most fundamental of all elements. He believed fire gave rise to the other three elements: "All things are an interchange for fire, and fire for all things, just like goods for gold and gold for goods."^[2] He had a reputation for obscure philosophical principles and for speaking in riddles. He described how fire gave rise to the other elements as the: "upward-downward path", (ὁδὸς ἄνω κάτω),^[3] a "hidden harmony" ^[4] or series of transformations he called the "turnings of fire", (πυρὸς τροπαὶ),^[5]first into sea, and half that sea into earth, and half that earth into rarefied air. A concept that anticipates both the four classical elements of Empedocles and Aristotle's transmutation of the four elements into one another.

This world, which is the same for all, no one of gods or men has made. But it always was and will be: an ever-living fire, with measures of it kindling, and measures going out.^[6]

Heraclitus regarded the soul as being a mixture of fire and water, with fire being the more noble part and water the ignoble aspect. He believed the goal of the soul is to be rid of water and become pure fire: the dry soul is the best and it is worldly pleasures make the soul "moist".^[7] He was known as the "weeping philosopher" and died of hydropsy, a swelling due to abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin.

However, Empedocles of Acragas (c. 495 - c. 435 BCE), is best known for having selected all elements as his archai and by the time of Plato (427 - 347 BCE), the four Empedoclian elements were well established. In the Timaeus, Plato's major cosmological dialogue, the Platonic solid he associated with fire was the tetrahedron which is formed from four triangles and contains the least volume with the greatest surface area. This also makes fire the element with the smallest number of sides, and Plato regarded it as appropriate for the heat of fire, which he felt is sharp and stabbing, (like one of the points of a tetrahedra).^[8]

Plato’s student Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE) did not maintain his former teacher's geometric view of the elements, but rather preferred a somewhat more naturalistic explanation for the elements based on their traditional qualities. Fire the hot and dry element, like the other elements was an abstract principle and not identical with the normal solids, liquids and combustion phenomena we experience:

What we commonly call fire. It is not really fire, for fire is an excess of heat and a sort of ebullition; but in reality, of what we call air, the part surrounding the earth is moist and warm, because it contains both vapour and a dry exhalation from the earth.^[9]

According to Aristotle, the four elements rise or fall toward their natural place in concentric layers surrounding the center of the earth and form the terrestrial or sublunary spheres.^[10]

In ancient Greek medicine, each of the four humours became associated with an element. Yellow bile was the humor identified with fire, since both were hot and dry. Other things associated with fire and yellow bile in ancient and medieval medicine included the season of summer, since it increased the qualities of heat and aridity; the choleric temperament (of a person dominated by the yellow bile humour); the masculine; and the eastern point of the compass.

Alchemical symbol for fire

In alchemy the chemical element of sulfur was often associated with fire and its alchemical symbol and its symbol was an upward-pointing triangle. In alchemic tradition, metals are incubated by fire in the womb of the Earth and alchemists only accelerate their development.^[1]

[edit]Indian tradition

Main article: Agni

Agni is a Hindu and Vedic deity. The word agni is Sanskrit for fire (noun), cognate with Latin ignis (the root of English ignite), Russian огонь (fire), pronounced agon. Agni has three forms: fire, lightning and the sun.

Agni is one of the most important of the Vedic gods. He is the god of fire and the acceptor of sacrifices. The sacrifices made to Agni go to the deitiesbecause Agni is a messenger from and to the other gods. He is ever-young, because the fire is re-lit every day, yet he is also immortal. In Indian tradition Fire is also linked toSurya or the Sun and Mangala or Mars, and with the south-east direction. The traditional form of fighting known as Agni-Kai, was a way of solving feuds and issues between clan members. Often the two opponents would fight to the death at sundown to sunrise. It was considered honorable to die as a sacrifice for Agni.

[edit]Astrological personalities

People born under the astrological signs of Aries, Leo and Sagittarius are thought to have dominant fire personalities. Fire personalities are believed to have good leading qualities and also tend to be enthusiastic, extroverted, rebellious, passionate, brave and valiant; however, they can also be hot-tempered, snappy, uncontrollable and angry.

[edit]Ceremonial magic

Fire and the other Greek classical elements were incorporated into the Golden Dawn system. Philosophus (4=7) is the elemental grade attributed to fire; this grade is also attributed to the Qabalistic Sephirah Netzach and the planet Venus.^[11] The elemental weapon of fire is the Wand or Dagger.^[12] Each of the elements has several associated spiritual beings. The archangel of fire is Michael, the angel is Aral, the ruler is Seraph, the king is Djin, and the fire elementals (following Paracelsus) are called salamanders.^[13]Fire is considered to be active; it is represented by the symbol for Leo and it is referred to the lower right point of the pentacle in the Supreme Invoking Ritual of the Pentacle.^[14]Many of these associations have since spread throughout the occult community.

[edit]Tarot

Fire in Tarot symbolizes conversion or passion. Many references to fire in tarot are related to the usage of fire in the practice of alchemy, in which the application of fire is a prime method of conversion, and everything that touches fire is changed, often beyond recognition. The symbol of fire was a cue pointing towards transformation, the chemical variant being the symbol delta, which is also the classical symbol for fire.^[15] Conversion symbolized can be good, for example, refining raw crudities to gold, as seen is The Devil. Conversion can also be bad, as in The Tower, symbolizing a downfall due to anger. Fire is associated with the suit of rods/wands, and as such, represents passion from inspiration. As an element, fire has very mixed symbolism because it represents energy, which can be helpful when controlled, but volatile if left unchecked.^[16]

[edit]Modern witchcraft

Fire is one of the five elements that appear in most Wiccan traditions influenced by the Golden Dawn system of magic, and Aleister Crowley's mysticism, which was in turn inspired by the Golden Dawn.^[17] Common Wiccan attributions include:

• Cardinal direction: South
• Season: Summer
• Time of life: Adulthood
• Time of day: Midday
• Regent Planet: Mars
• Elemental being: Salamander
• Colours: Red and orange
• Magical tools: traditionally the wand
• Tarot reading: Wands or Swords in the Minor Arcana. Wands are traditionally associated with fire and still are in most tarot decks, however, increasingly decks are being published with Swords associated with Fire. This is still a matter of debate within the esoteric and Wiccan community.^[18]
• Altar tool: Candle
• Masculine energy
• Other: Correspondences include blood, the guitar, thunder, drum beat, rubies and in writing fire is sometimes represented by a red upwards triangle.

In rituals, fire is represented in the forms of burning objects, love spells, baking and lighting candles or fires.

The manifestations of the element are found in the sun, volcanoes, lava and all forms of light. Cats of all types, especially the lion and tiger are also thought to personify the element of fire, as are all predatory creatures, such as the fox.

Other mythic and legendary creatures of fire include phoenix, dragon and occasionally the hawk.

[edit]Other traditions

Fire represents the creativity and passion that all intellectual and emotional beings have. It is an active force that has the passion to create and animate things. The element is also very rational and quick to flare up as is the personality of many fire-children.

Fire in many ancient cultures and myths has been known to purify the land with the flames of destruction, however, it is also capable of the renewal of life through the warmth and comfort of those very same flames.

The element of fire shows up in mythological stories all across the world, often in stories related to the sun.

In East Asia fire is represented by the Vermilion Bird, known as 朱雀 (Zhū Què) in Chinese, Suzaku in Japanese and Ju-jak (주작, Hanja:朱雀) in Korean. Fire is represented in the Aztec religion by a flint; to the Native Americans, a mouse; to the Hindu and Islamic faiths, a lightning bolt; to the Scythians, an axe, to the Greeks, an apple-bough; and inChristian iconography, a lion.

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reactionproducts.^[1] Slower oxidative processes like rusting or digestion are not included by this definition.

The flame is the visible portion of the fire. If hot enough, the gases may become ionized to produce plasma.^[2] Depending on the substances alight, and any impurities outside, the color of the flame and the fire's intensity will be different.

Fire in its most common form can result in conflagration, which has the potential to cause physical damage through burning. Fire is an important process that affects ecological systems across the globe. The positive effects of fire include stimulating growth and maintaining various ecological systems. Fire has been used by humans for cooking, generating heat, signaling, and propulsion purposes. The negative effects of fire include water contamination, soil erosion, atmospheric pollution and hazard to life and property.^[3]

[edit]

Communication Theory - Lecture 10

The Two Ronnies - four candles
- how precarious communication is
- meaning isn't guaranteed in whatever you say
- being secure in what you're saying believing it won't be misinterpreted

Aims:
- to introduce key themes and concepts in semiotics
- to explore key theories and theorists in the field of structural linguistics
- to explore uses of semiotics in the analysis of art and design

Defining semiotics
- Ferdinand De Saussure defined semiology - study of sign systems
- signifier (word, image, colour, what you conjure up in your head)/signified (mental image/concept of thing itself)/referent (the actual thing itself)
- separated word sign from meaning - that meaning is not inherent within the sign/image/word, there is a involvement of communication, interpretation and translation
- also separated the act of speech from system of language - the process of speaking is a wilful thing, we decide what we want to say however language itself does not belong to us, it proceeds us, belongs to entire society
- semiotics is form of meta-language - a language about language
- systems and structures (the context of the sign) dictate somewhat the reading, what tells us what to think when we're faced with image or word e.g. English language is a system, advertising is a system, photography, fashion etc systems of communication, different elements within these systems mean what they do because there is an agreement about this

What do these colours signify?
- green = grass, go
- blue = water, cold
- these colours + image of crisps = cheese and onion, salt and vinegar
- the brand Walkers completely changed system, make people in agreement that salt and vinegar is now green
- agreement within a system of communication

Difference
- Saussure tells us that meaning is est. in differentiation
- rather than est. what it is we est. what it is not
- 'concepts...are defined not positively, in terms of their content, but negatively by contrast with other items in the same system. What characterises each most exactly is being whatever the others are not'

Connotation and denotation
- provides us with levels or orders of signification
- Roland Barthes warns that denotation is NOT literal meaning but is naturalised through language
- most evident where signifiers merely refer to other signifiers

Myth
- myths are signs that are culturally informed
- Barthes linked myths to ideology - 'Bourgeois ideology...turns culture into nature' 1974
- myths often appear to go without saying yet function to hide dominant cultural values or beliefs
- myths become a third order of signification after denotation (first) and connotation (second)
- bare no logical connection
- e.g. wine = red wine in France is associated with class, intelligence, intellectuals however there is no logical or realistic connection between the two
- e.g. milk = in US, wholesome, natural strength, freedom and liberty however there is no realistic relation between the two, it has merely been suggested over time
- through associations there becomes an agreed solution

Creative Networks - Hellfire Beer

Leeds Brewery:

THE BREWERY TAP

Right next door to Leeds Railway Station, The Brewery Tap is home to our very own brew plant. The lager it produces, Leodis, is permanently available. After being fermented, filtered and carbonated on site it is then served straight from tanks in the cellar to the bar. With twelve hand pumps and fifteen draught products, The Brewery Tap has one of the best drinks selections in Leeds.

VISIT WEBSITE

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THE GARDEN GATE

Built in 1903, The Garden Gate is one of the most architecturally important pubs in the north of England. It is Grade II* listed and was saved from closure when Leeds Brewery bought it in 2010. A simply amazing pub.

VISIT WEBSITE

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THE MIDNIGHT BELL

Located at the heart of the Round Foundry development, reputedly the oldest set of industrial buildings in the world, The Midnight Bell balances ancient brickwork with big windows and a concrete bar top. It has a fine reputation for locally sourced, freshly prepared food and boasts one of the best beer gardens in Leeds.

VISIT WEBSITE

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PIN

Our specialist beer bar. Eight amazing draught products and four hand pumps are packed into the smallest of our five sites. An eclectic range in the fridges means that there is sure to be something for all tastes.

VISIT WEBSITE

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THE WHITE SWAN

Adjoining the world famous Leeds City Varieties and tucked up an alley off Briggate, The White Swan is Leeds Brewery's newest venue. With a regularly changing menu which is locally sourced and all cooked from fresh, it is one of the best places to eat in Leeds as well as offering a cool, relaxing space to enjoy a few drinks.

VISIT WEBSITE

WELCOME

Leeds' Independent Brewery

Leeds Brewery was established in 2007. It is the city's largest brewery. We combine the latest in brewing technology with time honoured skills and use the finest ingredients – choicest English hops, select British malted barley and our unique Yorkshire yeast – to create truly exceptional beers.

Hellfire Launched in Bottles

 

Leeds Brewery’s Hellfire has been released in bottles.

The fiery pale bitter is 5.2% and uses First Gold, Centennial and Willamette hops to create a fruity flavour with a lasting bitterness.

The beer is in 330ml bottles and has been designed to be served chilled.

It is available in all Leeds Brewery pubs, local beer retailers and in cases direct form the brewery.

OUR BEERS

LEEDS PALE 3.8%

An easy drinking pale ale. Light and hoppy with delicate floral notes and a well balanced finish.

LEEDS BEST 4.3%

A classic Yorkshire Bitter. Finest English hops blend perfectly with our unique Yorkshire yeast to create a full flavoured beer with a superb hoppy finish.

MIDNIGHT BELL 4.8%

A premium dark mild. Crystal and chocolate malts combine to give a full bodied, complex character to this award winning ale.

ABOUT THE BEERS

We produce four permanent beers; Leeds Pale, Yorkshire Gold, Leeds Best and Midnight Bell. Over the course of the year they are joined by a range of seasonal beers which encompass a wide range of styles and flavours. We hope you enjoy them.

PERMANENT

LEEDS PALE 3.8%

An easy drinking pale ale. Light and hoppy with delicate floral notes and a well balanced finish.

LEEDS BEST 4.3%

A classic Yorkshire Bitter. Finest English hops blend perfectly with our unique Yorkshire yeast to create a full flavoured beer with a superb hoppy finish.

MIDNIGHT BELL 4.8%

A premium dark mild. Crystal and chocolate malts combine to give a full bodied, complex character to this award winning ale.

YORKSHIRE GOLD 4.0%

A light hoppy bitter. Select Chinook hops give citrus notes to this delicate golden ale.

SEASONALS

NEW MOON 4.3%

Black IPA. Not to be mistaken for a stout, American citrus hops give a clean, crisp and brilliantly refreshing finish.

JANUARY - MARCH

VIENNA 4%

Smooth Malty Mild. Smooth and dark this beer uses a complex blend of roasted malts to deliver a perfectly balanced finish

APRIL - JUNE

FUNFAIR 3.6%

A straw coloured summer beer. A crisp clean light coloured beer flavoured with English hops to reflect the traditions of British summer time.

JULY - SEPTEMBER

GATHERING STORM 4.4%

A traditional stout. A combination of dark roasted malts and subtle hops give this robust stout a rich finish.

OCTOBER - DECEMBER